Data centers are evolving quickly, with the advent of LLM and the need for bigger, more powerful chips. Traditional data centers with their central processing units (CPUs) managed around 12 kilowatts (kW) per rack. However, AI data centers are trending upwards quite rapidly as graphics processing units (GPUs) begin to dominate the scene while becoming increasingly more powerful. This trend is accelerating quickly. Nvidia’s H100 chip has a rack density of 41 kW, while the successor Blackwell chip has an expected rack density of 130 kW, and future chips may drive rack densities of 250 kW. More capacity and electricity consumption will create significantly more waste heat, making it more challenging to maintain an optimal temperature of between 21 and 24 degrees Celsius.